General Surgery & Endoscopy

General surgery encompasses a wide range of surgical procedures aimed at treating conditions and diseases of various body systems. Endoscopy, on the other hand, is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure that allows surgeons to view the inside of the body using a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it.

These are common and can arise from various causes, ranging from benign growths to more serious conditions.

Causes:
- Infections: Bacterial or fungal infections can lead to localized swellings.
- Cysts: Closed pockets of tissue filled with fluid or other material.
- Benign Growths: Non-cancerous overgrowths of skin cells.
- Tumors: Abnormal growths which can be benign or malignant.
Expected Outcomes: Most skin lumps and bumps are benign and can be easily treated or removed. Regular monitoring ensures they don't pose a health risk.
Treatment Options:
- Excision: Surgical removal of the lump or bump.
Benefits of Treatment:
- Peace of mind from accurate diagnosis.
- Cosmetic improvement.
- Prevention of potential complications.

A lipoma is a benign tumour made up of fat tissue. They are soft to the touch and usually painless.

Causes:
- Genetic Factors: Some families may have a higher predisposition.
- Minor Injuries: Sometimes, trauma can lead to lipoma formation.
Expected Outcomes:
- Surgical removal is straightforward, with minimal risk of recurrence.
Treatment Options:
- Surgical Excision: The most common method where the lipoma is cut out.
Benefits of Treatment:
- Relief from discomfort or cosmetic concerns.
- Ensures the growth is benign.

These are benign lumps beneath the skin, arising from blocked hair follicles.

Causes:
- Blocked Sebaceous Glands: When oil-producing glands in the skin get obstructed.
- Swollen Hair Follicles: Can lead to cyst formation.
- Skin Trauma: Injuries can sometimes cause cysts.
Treatment Options:
- Excision: Complete surgical removal to prevent recurrence.
- Incision and Drainage: A cut is made in an infected cyst, and its contents are drained.
Expected Outcomes:
- Can be surgically removed, with minimal scarring and low recurrence rates.
Benefits of Treatment:
- Alleviation of discomfort or pain.
- Cosmetic improvement.
- Prevention of potential infections.

Inflammation of the appendix, a small pouch attached to the large intestine.

Causes:
- Blockage: Often from faeces, a foreign body, or, rarely, tumours.
- Infections: Viral or bacterial infections can lead to inflammation.
Expected Outcomes: Requires prompt surgical intervention (appendicectomy) to prevent complications.
Treatment Options:
- Appendicectomy: Surgical removal of the appendix, through laparoscopic or open surgery.
Benefits of Treatment:
- Prevention of life-threatening complications like peritonitis.
- Rapid recovery with modern laparoscopic surgical techniques.

A hernia occurs when an organ or fatty tissue protrudes through a weak spot in a surrounding muscle or connective tissue.

Causes:
- Strain: Lifting heavy objects without stabilizing the abdominal muscles.
- Weak Muscles: Sometimes present from birth or develop later in life.
- Persistent Coughing: Increases pressure inside the abdomen.
- Obesity: Excess weight strains abdominal muscles.
Expected Outcomes:
- Surgical repair restores the organ or tissue to its proper place and strengthens the weakened area.
Treatment Options:
- Hernia repair: Surgical repair of the hernia.
- Laparoscopic Surgery: Minimally invasive surgery using small incisions.
Benefits of Treatment:
- Relief from pain and discomfort.
- Prevention of complications like incarceration or strangulation.

Endoscopic procedures that allow visualization of the upper and lower parts of the gastrointestinal tract, respectively.

Uses:
- Diagnosis: Identify digestive disorders or screen for cancers.
- Investigation: Explore symptoms like abdominal pain or unexplained bleeding.
Expected Outcomes:
- Accurate diagnosis, biopsy collection, or treatment of certain conditions.
Treatment Options (if abnormalities are found):
- Polyp Removal: Using specialized tools during the endoscopy.
- Biopsy: Taking tissue samples for further examination.
Benefits of Procedure:
- Minimally invasive diagnostic tool.
- Early detection of potential issues.
- Direct treatment of some conditions, like polyp removal.

Bleeding that occurs along any part of the gastrointestinal tract.

Causes:
- Peptic Ulcers: Open sores in the stomach or small intestine due to Helicobacter pylori bacteria.
- Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining.
- Hemorrhoids: Swollen blood vessels in the rectum or anus.
- Cancer: Tumors in the gastrointestinal tract can bleed.
Expected Outcomes:
- Identification of the bleeding source and appropriate treatment, often using endoscopy.
Treatment Options:
- Endoscopic Therapy: Using endoscopy to stop bleeding, such as cauterization.
- Medications: Drugs to reduce stomach acid or treat infections.
- Surgery: In severe cases, to remove the bleeding source.
Benefits of Treatment:
- Rapid stabilization of the patient.
- Prevention of further complications.
- Accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment.

A common complaint with a wide range of causes.

Causes:
- Infections: Bacterial or viral infections affecting the digestive system.
- Inflammatory Conditions: Such as gastritis or pancreatitis.
- Obstructions: Blockages in the intestines.
- Tumours: Benign or malignant growths can cause pain.
Expected Outcomes:
- Accurate diagnosis followed by targeted treatment.
Treatment Options:
- Medications: Pain relievers, antibiotics, or antispasmodics.
- Dietary Changes: To manage or prevent symptoms.
- Surgery: In cases of obstructions or tumors.
Benefits of Treatment:
- Relief from pain and discomfort.
- Early detection and management of underlying conditions, especially cancers.

Surgical procedures performed to address life-threatening conditions or severe pain.

Indications:
- Acute Appendicitis: Rapid inflammation of the appendix.
- Bowel Obstructions: Blockages in the intestines.
- Trauma: Injuries requiring surgical intervention.
- Perforated Organs: When an organ ruptures or tears.
Treatment Options:
- Laparotomy: Open surgery to explore the cause and treat it.
- Laparoscopic Surgery: Minimally invasive approach for certain conditions.
- Specific Procedures: Depending on the diagnosis, such as appendectomy for appendicitis.
Expected Outcomes:
- Stabilization of the patient's condition and prevention of further complications.
Benefits of Treatment:
- Rapid intervention to save lives.
- Alleviation of severe pain or discomfort.
- Prevention of long-term complications.

Seek Expert Care

General surgery and endoscopy are vital in diagnosing and treating a plethora of conditions. If you or a loved one is experiencing any of the symptoms or conditions mentioned above, it is crucial to consult with a specialist. Our team offers comprehensive diagnostic and treatment services tailored to individual needs, ensuring the best possible outcomes.